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Multiparadigm

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Ada (312)
APL (75)
Arc (9)
BETA (10)
C++ (848)
CLOS (6)
Compiled (7)
Constraint Logic (19)
D (59)
Dylan (15)
Functional Logic (11)

Interpreted (17)
LabVIEW (80)
Leda (4)
Lisp (504)
Lua (36)
Mathematica (51)
Metaobject Protocols (5)
Objective Caml (25)
Oz-Mozart (8)
Pliant (8)
Poplog (11)

Prograph (24)
Python (458)
REBOL (138)
Sather (11)
Spreadsheets (156)
Tcl-Tk (111)
Tempo (2)
TUNES (6)
Water (12)
XOTcl (4)

Web Pages

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An Object Model for Multiparadigm Programming - http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/conf/1994-OOPSLA-Multipar/html/mlom.html
Presented at OOPSLA 1994.

Concepts and Architecture of Vista: A Multiparadigm Programming Environment - http://www.swe.uni-linz.ac.at/publications/abstract/TR-SE-94.17.html
Visual multiparadigm programming: visual + object-oriented (signal flow + data flow); from Proceedings of 10th IEEE/CS Symposium on Visual Languages, St. Louis, USA, 4-7 October 1994. Downloads: HTML, PS.

ELAN - http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/L4/l3elan.html
Created 1974 by Technical University of Berlin group, as alternative to BASIC in teaching, for systematic programming, and related styles: top-down, bottom-up, recursive, modular, syntax-directed. Descriptions, brief resource list, documents. English, Deutsch.

Heron - http://www.heron-language.com/
Home site. Has brief description, specification, tutorial, related articles, download.

Heron-Centric: Ruminations of a Language Designer - http://www.artima.com/weblogs/index.jsp?blogger=cdiggins
Weblog on language design issues, software development techniques, news, on Heron language, and similar languages like Java, C++.

Heron: Introducing The Heron Programming Language - http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/08/1944233
Forum with many comments. [Slashdot]

Kx Systems, Inc. - http://www.kx.com/
Makes K, advanced vector oriented, functional language, one of the fastest application development environments (according to Bell Laboratories Benchmarking), and allows very fast processing of large datasets.

Lfyre - http://sourceforge.net/projects/lfyre/
General purpose, compiled; high performance, expressiveness, flexibility. Many features found in other languages, and extra features: creating new operators, keywords, programming paradigms. News, download. [SourceForge]

Lightweight Languages as Software Engineering Tools - http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/dsl97/full_papers/spinellis/spinellis_html/spinellis.html
Usenix Paper discussing multiparadigm programming as part of a larger topic.

Lucid - http://i.csc.uvic.ca/home/hei/hei.ise
Functional dataflow language, invented by Bill Wadge, Ed Ashcroft. Variables and expressions denote streams-sequences of data items. Input and output are streams, so a program is a Unix-style filter. Was basis for French real-time/reactive languages Lustre, Signal.

Muliparadigm Programming Language - http://cs.wwc.edu/~aabyan/PLBook/HTML/Unified/
By Anthony A. Aaby; 1998. Exercise to design an abstract grammar for elements that programming languages share, more so for abstraction, generalization, and modules; to integrate the grammar with abstract grammars for many paradigms.

Multiparadigm Programming Group - http://www-leibniz.imag.fr/PMP/
At Leibniz Laboratory, Grenoble, France; research topics, news, publications, members. In English and Français.

Multiparadigm Programming Language - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language
Brief description, language list sorted by count and supported paradigms. [Wikipedia]

Needle - http://www.nongnu.org/needle/
Pure object-oriented, functional language, statically typed, garbage collected; mixes ideas from Dylan, Lisp, Scheme; ML; Cecil, Smalltalk; description, slide show, downloads, links. [Open Source, MIT]

Nial Systems Ltd. - http://www.nial.com/
NIAL, Nested Interactive Array Language, mixes aspects of functional array and procedural languages. Rich primitives set makes it easy, fast to code loop-free data-driven algorithms. Also Q'Nial IDE, and Nial Data Engine embeddable interpreter. [Open Source, Artistic Licence]

Object Oriented and Procedural Lisp - http://www.alu.org/table/objects.htm
Brief, well written description of Lisp as a framework language, and related benefits.

Piccola: A Small Composition Language - http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~scg/Research/Piccola/
PI based COmposition LAnguage: research language to explore the paradigm: Application = Components + Scripts. From the University of Berne.

ResearchIndex: From Competition to Amalgamation of Different Programming Paradigms - http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/386474.html
Describes basic elements (data, actions, tunings, voids, mixtures, ...) and principles of programming (stratification, implicit knowledge, limited freedom, ...), directed to amalgamating different programming paradigms (imperative, object-oriented, functional, constraint, ...) in a unified process of generating computer system models.

Scala - http://www.scala-lang.org/
General purpose language; multiparadigm (object-oriented, functional, concurrent elements); statically typed, type-safe; focus: Web services. Successor of Funnel. Interoperates with Java VM or .NET, XML aware. [Open source, BSD-like license]

UFO: United Functions and Objects: Draft Language Description - http://www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/Intranet_subweb/library/cstechrep/Abstracts/UMCS-92-4-3.html
Download of UMCS-92-4-3.

X Language: xlang - http://www.nongnu.org/xlang/
The eXtensible Language: easy to use, multi-syntax, portable set of APIs to create CLI and GUI applications for Unix/X11 and Win32; will ease making big applications, has interpreter/compiler/debugger. [Open Source, GPL]

XLR: Extensible Language and Runtime - http://xlr.sourceforge.net/
XL is designed to implement the ideas of Concept Programming. It can apply to many domains and problem spaces, not only a small subset of the problems users must solve.

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