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An Examination of the Hydroentangling Process Variables - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj05_1/p25-33.pdf
Peer reviewed technical paper presenting a simple mechanical model describing the transformation of a random fiber web into a hydroentangled fabric having a clearly defined cellular structure dependent on the forming wire. Authors: A.M. Seyam and others.

An Introduction to Spunbond and Meltblown - http://www.nordson.com/NR/rdonlyres/8FF53613-CE63-4E3E-876C-293B9C46A49F/0/placeFSG2003.pdf
Introduction to the spunbond and meltblown technologies, and their composite applications. Descriptions of basic terms, polymers, fabric characteristics, fibers, processes and markets. From Nordson Fiber Systems.

Analysis of Values of Punching Forces in the Process of Web Needling in Dynamic Conditions - http://www.fibtex.lodz.pl/40_11_28.pdf
Technical paper presenting a method for testing the technological needling resistance of a nonwoven web in dependence on the type of elementary fibers and the needling frequency. Author: Henryk Kapusta.

Application of Nanofiber Technology to Nonwoven Thermal Insulation - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Gibson.pdf
Technical paper, investigating the thermal transfer properties of nonwoven high-loft nanofiber battings for military protective clothing, made from carbon and polymeric fibers such as polyacrylonitrile, polyamide and polyurethane. Authors: Philip W. Gibson and others.

Application of Polymer Rheology in Meltblowing Process and On-line Rheological Sensor - http://etd.utk.edu/2004/WangYizhong.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation about the determination of the rheological properties of two melt-blown grade polypropylene polymers under different processing conditions, by various off-line methods. Author: Yizhong Wang.

Basis Weight Uniformity of Lightly Needled Hydroentangled Cotton and Cotton Blended Webs - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume1/06Oct_BasisWtUniformity.pdf
Technical paper, reporting on the development of thermobonded needlepunch and hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics with improved basis weight uniformity, created from bleached cotton and comber noils, viscose and bi-component fiber in various different blend formulations. Authors: D.V. Parikh and others.

Bi-Component Spunbond Die Technology - http://www.nordson.com/NR/rdonlyres/D602F753-6B5C-49B0-9452-1FA8D363DE83/0/INTC2003Bicomp.pdf
Technical paper about the development of a new spunbond manufacturing technology using electrically heated dies, and compared with the performance characteristics of thermally heated systems. Descriptions of test methods and results. From Nordson Fiber Systems.

Biopolishing Cellulosic Nonwovens - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04282005-174056/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation presenting research in order to determine whether the biopolishing (a finishing technique consisting of a cellulase treatment of cellulosic fabrics) technology is suitable for hydroentangled cellulosic nonwovens and will yield promising results. Author: Melissa Ann Steward.

Computational Modeling of Mechanical Performance in Thermally Point Bonded Nonwovens - http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume1issue4/articles/pourdeyhimi/pourdeyhimi_full.pdf
Scientific article about a newly developed mechanics based model to help understand the behaviour of point bonded nonwovens as a function of various structural and process variables. Authors: H.S. Kim and B. Pourdeyhimi.

Creative Drying Pulls Nonwoven Line Into Shape - http://www.process-heating.com/CDA/Archives/bceaec343a268010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____
Feature article about the development of a novel combination of a convection dryer and a customized deckle system, to produce nonwovens with varying widths while minimizing product shrinkage. From Process-Heating.Com.

Dispersion of Synthetic Fibers in Wet-laid Nonwovens - http://www.minifibers.com/literature/wet_lay_dispersion.pdf
Technical paper discussing the factors effecting synthetic fiber dispersion and methods for evaluating that dispersion in wet-laid nonwoven manufacturing processes. From Minifiber, Inc. Author: James M. Keith.

Effect of Bonding Variables in Thermal Bonding of Polypropylene Nonwovens - http://etd.utk.edu/2001/JangalaPraveen.pdf
Master of Science thesis presenting research on the effects of some of the process variables of nonwoven webs in a thermal point bonding process. Author: Praveen Kumar Jangala.

Ensemble Laser Diffraction for Online Measurement of Fiber Diameter Distribution During the Melt Blowing Process - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_2/p42-47-moore.pdf
Technical paper about the measurement of the attenuation and fiber bundling of polypropylene polymer fibers during the melt blowing process, using a new laser diffraction technique. Authors: Eric M. Moore and others.

Evaluations of an Aramid Fiber in Nonwovens Processes for Honeycomb Applications - http://www.bedr.org/download/04d.pdf
Technical paper about a study investigating the relationships between material requirements in making sheets for honeycomb core applications by characterising and processing a model aramid fiber into nonwoven samples whose adaptability for honeycomb applications was evaluated. Authors: Yi-Jui Wu and others

Fiber Crimp and Crimp Stability in Nonwoven Fabric Processes - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20001109-183351/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation about a study aiming to quantify the mechanical behaviour of fiber during crimp removal, and relating it to fundamental fiber properties, nonwoven fabric properties, and processibility on nonwovens equipment. Author: Ina Bauer-Kurz.

Fiber Formation During Melt Blowing - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj03_2/p21-28.pdf
Peer reviewed technical paper presenting experimental measurements to provide phenomenological insight into the commercial melt blowing process, focusing on measurements obtained at various die-collector locations. Authors: Randall R. Bresee and Wen-Chien Ko.

Fiber Splitting of Bicomponent Meltblown Microfiber Nonwovens by Chemical and Water Treatment - http://etd.utk.edu/2002/SongHua.pdf
Master of Science thesis presenting a study of the production of microfiber melt-blown nonwovens by water and alkaline treatment. Author: Hua Song.

Fiber Surface Modification by Particle Coating - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12272005-162845/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Master of Science thesis presenting the development of a one-step process to impart anti-static, anti-bacterial, anti-odor, soil resistance, biocompatibility and other functionalities onto the fiber surface by dry coating melt-blown webs with nano particles. Author: Saurabh Chhaparwal.

Fibers Caught in the Knuckles of the Forming Wires - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Seyam(7-14R1).pdf
Technical paper, describing experimental measurements and physical origins of the force of peeling required for the separation of the wet hydroentangled fabric from the forming wires. Authors: Ping Xiang and others.

Formation and Characterization of Electrospun Nonwoven Webs - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02052003-224020/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Master of Science thesis about the formation of nonwoven webs produced by electrospinning polyethylene terephthalate on a purpose built rotating drum, and the characterization of fiber diameter, distribution, orientation distribution function, and pore size and its distribution. Author: Abhay Mohan.

Formation of Fiberwebs from Staple Fibers with Controlled Fiber Orientation Using Electrostatic Forces: Theoretical Analysis - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Seyam.pdf
Technical paper, describing a research project aimed at the development of novel methods of nonwoven fiberweb formation techniques using electrostatic forces, where orientation and distribution of staple fibers are positively controlled. Authors: Yiyun Cai and others.

Formation of Shaped or Molded Meltblowing Nonwoven Structures - http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume1issue1/Articles/Ghosh/fulleditghosh.pdf
Technical paper about the effect of various process parameters on a number of meltblown polypropylene web characteristics. Authors: Y. Velu and others.

Improved Fiber Hydroentanglement Using Pulsed Elliptical Jets - http://www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/AnRp99/F98-C04.pdf
Technical paper describing a research project aiming to increase the number and extent of fiber entanglements in spunlace fabrics, while reducing water and energy expenditures to allow higher production rates and improved fabric properties. Authors: Michael S. Ellison and others.

Influence of Heat-Stretching Treatment on Structure and Properties of Bico MB Nonwoven Webs - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_1/p42-48-zhang.pdf
Technical article reporting on a trial with heat stretch treatment (HST) on side-by-side bicomponent meltblown webs to determine its influence on web structure and properties. Author: Dong Zhang and others.

Influence of Process Conditions on Melt Blown Web Structure: Fiber Diameter - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume1/06Sept_MeltBlownDiameter.pdf
Extensive technical paper, reporting experimental measurements of the influence of die-to-collector distance, primary air-flow rate, die temperature, collector speed and resin throughput rate on the diameter of fibers in fully formed melt-blown webs. Authors: Randall R. Bresee and Uzair A. Qureshi.

Influence of Processing Conditions on Melt Blown Web Structure - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_1/p49-55-bresee.pdf
Peer reviewed technical paper describing the influence of die-to-collector distance (DCD) on fiber entanglement, fiber orientation and pore structure of commercially manufactured polypropylene melt-blown webs. Author: Randall R. Bresee.

Investigation of Biodegradable Nonwoven Composites Based on Cotton, Bagasse and other Annual Plants - http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07072004-124535/unrestricted/Zhang_thesis.pdf
Master of Science thesis presenting a study about the development of a new method of preparing biodegradable all-cellulosic composite nonwoven materials composed of cotton and kenaf, or cotton and bagasse. Author: Xiaoqun Zhang.

Meltblowing: A Technology that Produces Extremely Lightweight Fiberwebs Directly From Polymers - http://www.jobwerx.com/news/Archives/meltblown%20030203.html
Description of a novel system to form three-dimensional molded nonwoven structures through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. Originally published by the Textile Research Journal. From Jobwerx.Com. Authors: Raoul Farer and others.

Modelling of the Hydroentanglement Process - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/06Dec_Hydroentanglement.pdf
Technical paper presenting the development of a computational fluid dynamics model of the hydroentanglement process. Authors: Ping Xiang, Andrey V. Kuznetsov and Abdelfattah Mohamed Seyam.

Nanofiber Webs from Electrospinning - http://www.donaldson.com/en/filtermedia/support/datalibrary/052026.pdf
Technical paper presented at the 2003 Nonwovens in Filtration Fifth International Conference, discussing the performance characteristics of meltblown nanofiber filtration media in a mining vehicle cabin air filter. Authors: Timothy H. Grafe and Kristine M. Graham.

Nonwoven Technologies - http://www.hpc-europe.com/technologies.htm
Detailed descriptions of the web formation, bonding and finishing technologies in use in the nonwovens industry, including diagrams of the dry-, wet- and air-laid, spunbond and meltblown methods. From Polymer Group, Inc.

Polyether Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Melt Blown Nonwovens - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume1/06Oct_MeltBlT.pdf
Part of a series of technical papers about the influence of melt-blowing processing parameters on the polymer properties and nonwoven fabric properties for block thermoplastic elastomers. Authors: Terezie Zapletalova and others.

Process Property Studies of Melt Blown Thermoplastic Polyurethane Polymers for Protective Apparel - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj05_4/p2-9.pdf
Peer reviewed technical paper, describing research aimed at determining optimum processing conditions for the production of commercially acceptable melt blown thermoplastic polyurethane microfiber nonwoven fabrics. Authors: Youn Eung Lee, Ph.D., and Larry C. Wadsworth, Ph.D.

Process Property Studies of Meltblown Thermoplastic Polyurethane Polymers - http://etd.utk.edu/2004/LeeYounEung.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation presenting research to determine the optimum processing conditions for the production of commercially acceptable meltblown thermoplastic polyurethane webs. Author: Young Eung Lee.

Production of Cotton Nonwoven Fabrics Using H1 Technology Needleloom - http://www.depts.ttu.edu/itc/acrobat files/l014.pdf
Review of recent developments in needlepunch machinery, and the potential of the technology for the manufacture of natural fiber based nonwoven webs. Authors: S.S. Ramkumar and others. PDF document.

Production of Cotton Nonwoven Fabrics Using H1 Technology Needleloom - http://texmail.ca/002/files/000MNu00ItFU0be3Pvov/l014.pdf
Brief overview of Fehrer AG's novel H1 needlepunch technology, and a discussion of its potential for the development of cotton and other natural fiber based nonwovens. Authors: S.S. Ramkumar and A.P.S. Sawhney.

Recycling and Reuse of Mixed Fiber Fabric Remnants - http://www.chelseacenter.org/pdfs/TechReport17.pdf
Technical paper about an experimental study into the recycling of textiles from cotton, polyester and spandex into needlepunch nonwovens, spun yarns and woven fabrics, and the possible application as flock material. Includes literature reviews. Authors: Prof. Kenneth D. Langley, Prof. Yong K. Kim and Prof. Armand F. Lewis.

Splitting of Islands-in-the-Sea Fibers During Hydroentangling of nonwovens - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Ndaro7-6R2.pdf
Technical paper summarising investigations into the hydroentanglement of islands-in-the-sea (PA 6/COPET) fibers without dissolution of the sea component, through the development of a new spinneret design and the modification of co-polyester structures. Authors: Mbwana Suleiman Ndaro and others.

Spunlaced Cotton and Cotton Blend Cosmetic Pads and Bed Sheets: Study of Fiber Entanglement - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Parikh(7-11R1).pdf
Technical paper, describing experimental investigations of needlepunched and hydroentangled nonwovens composed of different blends of cotton fiber and comber noils, rayon and low-melt polymeric fibers, aimed at developing high quality cosmetic pads and economical short-life bed sheets. Authors: Dharnidhar V. Parikh and others.

Strength Optimization of Thermally Bonded Spunbond Nonwovens - http://www.jeffjournal.org/papers/Volume2/Federova.pdf
Technical paper, discussing the use of island-in-the-sea bi-component fiber to overcome the shortcomings of thermal bonding and obtain high-strength thermally point bonded nonwoven spunbond fabrics. Authors: Nataliya Federova and others.

Structure and Properties of Cotton Based Biodegradable Nonwovens - http://etd.utk.edu/2004/RongHaoming.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation about the production of biodegradable cotton based nonwovens using different binder fibers, including a study of the structure and properties of the resulting fabrics and an analysis of their fracture and failure mechanisms. Author: Haoming Rong.

Study of Meltblown Structures Formed by Robotic and Meltblowing Integrated System - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj03_1/p36_42.pdf
Peer reviewed technical paper reporting on parametric studies evaluating the effect of polymer through-put rate, attenuating air-pressure and temperature, and die temperature, on fiber diameter distributions of meltblown webs from polypropylene produced using the robotic fiber assembly and control system (RFACS). Authors: Raoul Farer and others.

Texture Evolution in Hydroentangled Nonwovens - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj03_1/p28_35.pdf
Technical paper reporting on a co-occurrence based method for texture analysis to examine the development of the texture of a spunlace fabric during hydroentangling as a function of process conditions. Authors: O.B. Berkalp, B. Pourdeyhimi and A. Seyam.

The Effect of Molecular Weight and Linear Velocity of Drum Surface on the Properties of Electrospun PET Nonwovens - http://pdf.ricta.or.kr/fap/05020122.pdf
Technical paper evaluating the effect of the molecular weight of the polymer on electrospun polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwovens, and their mechanical properties as a function of the linear velocity of the drum surface. Authors: Kwan Woo Kim and others.

The Effects of Etching on Low-Stress Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fabrics under Helium/Oxygen Atmospheric Pressure Plasma - http://pdf.ricta.or.kr/FAP/04040145.pdf
Technical paper about an investigation of the low-stress mechanical properties of unfinished polypropylene spunbond-meltblown-spunbond (SMS) composite nonwovens, by exposure to He/O2 atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma. Authors: Yoon J. Hwang and others.

The Evaluation of Evenness of Nonwovens Using Image Analysis Method - http://pdf.ricta.or.kr/fap/02030164.pdf
Technical paper about a study of the applicability of image analysis techniques using a scanner with a charged coupled device (CCD), to save time and labor during the evaluation of the evenness of nonwovens. Authors: Sung Hoon Jeong and others.

The Impact of Input Energy on the Performance of Hydroentangled Nonwoven Fabrics - http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj03_2/p34-44.pdf
Peer reviewed study, investigating the performance behaviour of hydroentangled nonwovens fabrics in terms of input water jet energy and fabric structural parameters. Authors: Huabing Zheng and others. From the INDA web site.

The Impact of Input Energy, Fiber Properties, and Forming Wires on the Performance of Hydroentangled Fabrics - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10242003-022904/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation containing a critical literature review of the development of the hydroentanglement technology and fabric performance, and a presentation of a model describing the force and energy required to form fabric aperture. Author: Huabing Zheng.

The Manufacturing of Wet-laid Hydroentangled Glass Fiber Composites For Industrial Applications - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08012002-114447/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Master of Science thesis, focused on research of manufacturing a composite of sufficient strength from glass fibers using low-melt polyester or bi-component fibers as binder fibers for nonwoven spunlace preforms. Author: Neha Vaidya.

Three Dimensional Structures Formed by a Robotic and Meltblowing Integrated System - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04082003-095917/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation about an investigation into the effects of various process parameters of three-dimensional meltblown webs formed by a robotic fiber assembly and control system. Author: Yogeshwar Karunakaran Velu.

Three Dimensional Structures from Nonwovens - http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03242003-101013/unrestricted/etd.pdf
Master of Science thesis, assessing the process of molding or thermoforming spunbond and spunlace nonwoven fabrics into a three-dimensional structure without the use of resins or binders, via the SpaceNet Formed Fiber System. Author: Gregory Aaron Grissett.

Webforming Technologies - http://www.mdiwipers.com/Technology/webforming.htm
Detailed descriptions of the dry- and wet-laid, spunbond and melt-blown webforming technologies, and the resin, thermo, needlepunch, spunlace and stitchbond bonding technologies in use with the nonwovens industry. From Mercantile Development, Inc.

Wool Felting - http://www.gfwsheep.com/felting/felt.html
From Gleason's Fine Woollen Ranch. Illustrated description of the technology of home made woollen felts.

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