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  Cognitive Science http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitive-science/
The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
  Propositional Attitude Reports http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prop-attitude-reports/
Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
  Multiple Realizability http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/
John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.
  Donald Davidson http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson/
Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania.
  Richard Rorty http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/
Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/
Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacifism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
  William James http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/
Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.
  Teleological Notions in Biology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/
By Colin Allen of Texas A&M.
  Inconsistent Mathematics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-inconsistent/
By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
  David Hume http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
  Constructive Mathematics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-constructive/
By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
  Liberalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/
Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism.
  Nicolas Malebranche http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebranche/
Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.
  William Godwin http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/
Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/
Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
  Game Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-theory/
Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
  Sorites Paradox http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sorites-paradox/
By Dominic Hyde.
  Counterfactual Theories of Causation http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/
Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
  Nineteenth Century Geometry http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-19th/
By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
  William of Ockham http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade.
  The Problem of Evil http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/
Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
  Philosophy of Childhood http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/childhood/
The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
  Environmental Ethics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
  Collapse Theories http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-collapse/
Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
  Moral Responsibility http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/
Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
  Higher-order Theories of Consciousness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/
Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.
  Personal Autonomy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personal-autonomy/
Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.
  Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/
By Randolph Clarke.
  Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/
Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
  Fuzzy Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/
Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
  Being and Becoming in Modern Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
  Zeno's Paradoxes http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/
Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/
Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
  Substructural Logics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-substructural/
By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
  Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/
By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
  Modal Fictionalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictionalism-modal/
Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan.
  Time Travel and Modern Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/
Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/
The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
  Naturalism in Legal Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-naturalism/
Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.
  Pantheism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/
Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  René Descartes' Life and Works http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/
Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.
  Moral Skepticism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral/
Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
  Biological Altruism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/
Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.
  Structured Propositions http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-structured/
To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
  The St. Petersburg Paradox http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-stpetersburg/
By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
  Holism and Nonseparability in Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-holism/
Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
  Omnipotence http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/omnipotence/
The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.
  Experiments in Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
  Singular Propositions http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-singular/
Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
  Curry's Paradox http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-paradox/
Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
  Episteme and Techne http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
  Francis of Marchia http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia/
Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
  Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-terms/
The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/privacy/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/privacy/
Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.
  Bruno Bauer http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bauer/
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
  Naturalized Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-naturalized/
The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
  Alcmaeon http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/
Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
  Coherence Theory of Truth http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-coherence/
The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.
  Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury] http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/
Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.
  Max Stirner http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/max-stirner/
Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.
  Salomon Maimon http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimon/
Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.
  Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-30s/
Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.
  Peter John Olivi http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/olivi/
Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
  Virtue Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/
By John Greco of Fordham.
  Aristotle's Psychology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
  Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/
Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.
  Saadya [Saadiah] http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/
Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
  Actualism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualism/
The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
  Timon of Phlius http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/timon-phlius/
Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.
  Robert Desgabets http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desgabets/
Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
  Feminist History of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/
Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
  Feminist Perspectives on the Self http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-self/
By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
  Saint Anselm http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
  Aristotle's Political Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
  Charles Sanders Peirce http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
  Ontological Arguments http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/
Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.
  Identity Theory of Truth http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-identity/
When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
  Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/
By Fred D'Agostino.
  Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-interpret/
Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
  Aristotle's Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/
Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
  Distributive Justice http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
  Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-Rpcc/
By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
  The Philosophy of Neuroscience http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neuroscience/
By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
  Doing vs. Allowing Harm http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/
Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
  Aristotle's Rhetoric http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/
Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
  Leibniz on the Problem of Evil http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-evil/
By Michael J. Murray, Franklin and Marshall College.
  Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/
By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
  Philosophy and Christian Theology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/
Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray.
  John Buridan http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/
Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.
  The Epsilon Calculus http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epsilon-calculus/
Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.
  The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/
First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
  Public Justification http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justification-public/
By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
  Homosexuality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/
Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
  Identity Politics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/
History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
  Egalitarianism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
  Set Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/
Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/
Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.
  The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-math/
Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.
  Confucius http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel.
  Theological Voluntarism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntarism-theological/
Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy.
  Personal Identity http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/
How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.
  Immutability http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/immutability/
The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.
  John Locke http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
Influential 17th century British political philosopher.
  Johann Georg Hamann http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hamann/
Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.
  Supertasks http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/
Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
  Conventionality of Simultaneity http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
  Alan M. Turing http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/
Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
  The Epistemology of Religion http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-epistemology/
By Peter Forrest.
  Historicist Theories of Rationality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationality-historicist/
By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
  Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/
Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
  Dante Alighieri http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/
Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
  Albert of Saxony http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-saxony/
Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
  Benjamin Peirce http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/
Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
  John Austin http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/
Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.
  Equality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
  Integrity http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/
Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
  Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys-statmech/
By Lawrence Sklar.
  Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-spain/
Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
  Aristotle's Ethics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/
Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
  On The Nature of Law http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/
Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor.
  John Duns Scotus http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/
In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
  Moral Particularism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-particularism/
The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
  Descartes' Ontological Argument http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
  Baruch Spinoza http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/
Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
  Epistemological Problems of Perception http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/
Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
  Automated Reasoning http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-automated/
Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
  Charles Hartshorne http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshorne/
Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
  Robert Holkot http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holkot/
Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
  Logic and games http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-games/
Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
  Libertarianism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/
Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
  The Moral Status of Animals http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/
Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
  Jonathan Edwards http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/
Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
  Sovereignty http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/
Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
  Roman Ingarden http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ingarden/
Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
  Giambattista Vico http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/
Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
  Speusippus http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus/
Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.
  Arthur Schopenhauer http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
  Adorno, Theodor http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
  Karl Leonhard Reinhold http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-reinhold/
Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
  Reflective Equilibrium http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/
The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
  Analysis http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/
The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
  Determinates vs. Determinables http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinate-determinables/
A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
  The Definition of Morality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-definition/
Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.
  Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleiermacher/
Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
  Moral Dilemmas http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-dilemmas/
Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.
  Descartes' Modal Metaphysics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/
Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
  Mally's Deontic Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mally-deontic/
Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.
  Finitism in Geometry http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-finitism/
Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
  Process Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.
  Impartiality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartiality/
Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
  The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/
Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
  Harriet Taylor Mill http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/harriet-mill/
Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.
  Justice as a Virtue http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-virtue/
Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.
  Cosmopolitanism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/
The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
  Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/
Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.
  George Santayana http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayana/
Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
  Relational Quantum Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/
An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
  Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/
How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce.
  Robert Boyle http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary.
  The Experience and Perception of Time http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/
By Robin Le Poidevin.
  Thomas Reid http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reid/
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.
  The Kochen-Specker Theorem http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kochen-specker/
By Carsten Held.
  Classical Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.
  Aristotle's Metaphysics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/
Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
  Brentano's Theory of Judgement http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/
Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
  Quantum Mechanics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/
Survey by Jenann Ismael.
  The Modern History of Computing http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/
Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.
  William Whewell http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whewell/
Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.
  Legal Punishment http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/
Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.
  Disjunction http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/disjunction/
Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
  Constitutionalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitutionalism/
Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
  Semantic Challenges to Realism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-sem-challenge/
Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/
An article describing tropes by John Bacon.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holes/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holes/
Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/
Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.
  Physicalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
  Abstract Objects http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/
Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
  Qualia: The Knowledge Argument http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia-knowledge/
Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rümelin.
  Existence http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/
By Barry Miller.
  The Hole Argument http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-holearg/
The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/
Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
  The Analysis of Knowledge http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/
Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.
  Ancient Skepticism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/
Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
  Bayes' Theorem http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem/
Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
  Bayesian Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/
Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
  Evolutionary Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/
Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
  Formal Learning Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/learning-formal/
Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
  Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/
Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/
Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
  Social Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/
Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
  Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology
By Elizabeth Anderson.
  Peirce's Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/
By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
  Relevance Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-relevance/
By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
  Deflationary Theory of Truth http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-deflationary/
According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
  Revision Theory of Truth http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-revision/
Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.
  The Correspondence Theory of Truth http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/
The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David.
  Truthlikeness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlikeness/
Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.
  Properties http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
  Informal Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/
By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
  Vagueness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vagueness/
By Roy Sorensen.
  Russell's Paradox http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell-paradox/
By A. D. Irvine.
  Relative Identity http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-relative/
The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch.
  Dialetheism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/
Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
  Paraconsistent Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/
By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
  Globalization http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/
Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.
  Scientific Realism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/
The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.
  Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/
Discusses the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino.
  Intertheory Relations in Physics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-interrelate/
Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman.
  Scientific Explanation http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation/
Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.
  Laws of Nature http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/
Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/
Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky.
  The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-self/
History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.
  Biodiversity http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/
Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
  Intuitionistic Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/
The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.
  Hilbert's Program http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/
In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
  Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
  Space and Time: Inertial Frames http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/
Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
  Consequentialism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/
The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
  Punishment http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/punishment/
Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
  The Free Rider Problem http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-rider/
Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
  The Identity of Indiscernibles http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-indiscernible/
Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other.
  Causal Processes http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/
Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
  Mereology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
  Aesthetic Judgment http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/
Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
  The Turing Test http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/
Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
  Eliminative Materialism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/
The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.
  The Computational Theory of Mind http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/
The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
  Panpsychism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/
The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; by William Seager.
  Consciousness and Intentionality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-intentionality/
Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.
  The Unity of Consciousness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-unity/
History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.
  Epiphenomenalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epiphenomenalism/
Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
  The Identity Theory of Mind http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/
Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
  Mental Representation http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-representation/
According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.
  Connectionism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
  The Language of Thought Hypothesis http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language-thought/
By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.
  Private Language http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-language/
By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.
  Feminist Ethics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/
By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
  Friedrich Nietzsche http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/
Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
  Original Position http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/
The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.
  Pascal's wager http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/
An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.
  Karl Popper http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/
By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
  Principia Mathematica http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/
Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
  Prisoner's Dilemma http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/
By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
  Russell, Bertrand http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/
By A. D. Irvine.
  Wilfrid Sellars http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sellars/
By Jay F. Rosenberg.
  Square of Opposition http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/square/
By Terence Parsons.
  Thought Experiments http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/
By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
  Turing Machine http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/
Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
  Alfred North Whitehead http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/
By A. D. Irvine.
  Thomas Aquinas http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/
Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
  Artifact http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artifact/
By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
  Probabilistic Causation http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/
"Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
  Animal Consciousness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/
By Colin Allen of Texas A&M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
  Cosmology and Theology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-theology/
Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
  Descartes' Epistemology http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/
By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
  Saint Augustine http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/
By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
  Modal Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/
Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
  Infinitary Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-infinitary/
Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
  Temporal Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-temporal/
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
  Logical Form http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/
Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.
  Measurement in Quantum Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-measurement/
Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
  Many-Valued Logic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-manyvalued/
Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
  Behaviorism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
  Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-logic/
By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
  Contractarianism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/
By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
  Representational Theories of Consciousness http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-representational/
By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
  Voluntary Euthanasia http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/
By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
  Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-simulation/
By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
  Folk Psychology as a Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-theory/
By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
  Philosophy for Children http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children/
Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.
  Plotinus http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plotinus/
Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
  Archytas http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/
Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
  Stoicism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/
Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
  Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-19th/
Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham.
  Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-18th/
Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
  18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/18thGerman-preKant/
Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.
  Medieval Theories of Conscience http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscience-medieval/
The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
  Medieval Theories of Practical Reason http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practical-reason-med/
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
  Medieval Theories of Modality http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality-medieval/
By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
  Medieval Theories of Analogy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/
By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
  Divine Illumination http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/
Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
  The Medieval Problem of Universals http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universals-medieval/
By Gyula Klima.
  Medieval Theories of Relations http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/
Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.
  Philip the Chancellor http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-chancellor/
Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
  Richard the Sophister http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/
Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
  Mental Imagery http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/
By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
  Miracles http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/
Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  Maritain, Jacques http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maritain/
By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/
Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.
  Arthur Prior http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prior/
Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
  Søren Kierkegaard http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/
Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.
  Hegel, G. W. F. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/
Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
  Gottlob Frege http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/
Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
  Paul Feyerabend http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feyerabend/
Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
  Category Theory http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/
Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
  Logical Constructions http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-construction/
Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.
  Bradley, F. H. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bradley/
By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
  Bosanquet, Bernard http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bosanquet/
William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
  Church-Turing Thesis http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/
Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
  Thomas of Erfurt http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erfurt/
Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.
  William Penbygull http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/penbygull/
Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
  Robert Alyngton http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alyngton/
Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.

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