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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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	The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - http://www.iep.utm.edu/ Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
	Freud, Sigmund - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm Father of the early Church, born around 182.
	Wittgenstein, Ludwig - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
	Just War Theory - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.

	Descartes, René - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
	Bentham, Jeremy - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
	Mill, John Stuart - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
	Locke, John - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
	Behaviorism - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.

	Bacon, Francis - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bacon.htm 16th century philosopher and politician.
	Anaximander - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximan.htm Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
	Social Contract Theory - http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/soc-cont.htm View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.

	http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
	Skepticism, Ancient Greek - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
	Heraclitus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/heraclit.htm 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
	Natural Law - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
	Democritus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.

	Berkeley, George - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berkeley.htm Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
	Anaxagoras - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxagor.htm Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
	Hume, David - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humelife.htm Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
	Cicero, Marcus Tullius - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.

	Dewey, John - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
	Moral Philosophy - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
	Aquinas, Thomas - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aquinas.htm The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
	Epicurus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epicur.htm 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
	German Idealism - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/germidea.htm The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.

	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
	Neoplatonism - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
	Plotinus - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
	God, Western Concepts of - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/god-west.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
	Lucretius - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.

	Sophists - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
	Hobbes, Thomas - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hobmoral.htm 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
	Empedocles - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
	Diogenes Laertius - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dioglaer.htm 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
	http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippias.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippias.htm Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.

	Protagoras - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm Early Greek sophist.
	Greek Philosophy - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
	Solipsism - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
	Epictetus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epictetu.htm Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
	Anaximenes - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximen.htm 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.

	Identity Theory - http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/identity.htm Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
	Peripatetics - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
	Virtue Theory - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm View that morality is the development of or virtues.
	Ockham, William of - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
	Poincaré, Jules Henri - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm 19th century French philosopher of science.

	Hamilton, William - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hamilton.htm 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
	Pythagoras - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm The 6th century BCE philosopher.
	Augustine - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/augustin.htm Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
	Eckhart, Meister - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eckhart.htm 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
	Leucippus - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm 5th century BCE founder of atomism.

	http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
	Parmenides - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm Greek philosopher and poet.
	Deism, English - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
	Cudworth, Ralph - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cudwor.htm 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
	Egoism, Psychological and Ethical - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/egoism.htm Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.

	Herbert of Cherbury, Edward - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/herbert.htm 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
	Menippus - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
	Beccaria, Cesare - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beccaria.htm 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
	Husserl, Edmund - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/husserl.htm Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
	Theophrastus - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.

	Hempel, Carl Gustav - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hempel.htm A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
	Deism, French - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismfre.htm The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
	Chinese Room Argument - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chineser.htm John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
	Carnap, Rudolf - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/carnap.htm Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
	Ferrier, James Frederick - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/ferrier.htm The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.

	Xenophanes - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
	Prodicus - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
	Positivism, Legal - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
	Diogenes of Apollonia - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogapol.htm Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.

	Emanation - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emanatio.htm The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
	Diderot, Denis - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diderot.htm The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
	http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
	Stoicism - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
	Fichte, Johann Gottlieb - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichtejg.htm One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.

	Evolution - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/evolutio.htm Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
	Aristippus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristip.htm Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
	Reichenbach, Hans - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
	Xenophon - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
	Caird, Edward - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/caird.htm Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.

	Skepticism, Contemporary - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
	Helvetius, Claude Adrien - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/helvetiu.htm One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
	Euclides - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/euclides.htm 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
	Hegelians, St. Louis - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hstlouis.htm 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
	Huxley, Thomas Henry - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/huxley.htm 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.

	Spinoza, Benedict - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
	Humanism - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humanism.htm Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
	Chrysippus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chrysipp.htm Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
	Lombard, Peter - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
	Antisthenes - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/antisthe.htm Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.

	Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/holderli.htm Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism.
	Renaissance - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm Brief article on the transition between Middle Ages and modernity.
	Diogenes of Sinope - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htm 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
	Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hartmann.htm 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
	Hodgson, Shadworth - http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hodgson.htm Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.

	Vienna Circle - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
	Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
	Rights, Human - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
	Bakhtin Circle - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bakhtin.htm School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.

	Animals and Ethics - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anim-eth.htm Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
	Cyrenaics - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cyren.htm Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
	Lotze, Rudolf Hermann - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
	Roman Philosophy - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
	Voluntarism - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.

	Aenesidemus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aeneside.htm Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
	Encyclopedists - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/encyclop.htm Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
	Davidson, Donald - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/davidson.htm Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
	Warburton, William - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
	Bolingbroke, Henry St. John - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bolingbr.htm 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.

	Paley, William - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm 18th century British theologian.
	Butler, Joseph - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
	Russell's Paradox - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
	Cleanthes - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cleanthe.htm Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
	Shaftesbury, Earl of - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm Patron of John Locke

	http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/damon.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/damon.htm 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
	Stoic Philosophy of Mind - http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/stoicmind.htm Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
	Solovyov, Vladimir - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm 19th century Russian philosopher.
	Eclecticism - http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eclectic.htm Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
	Berlin Circle - http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berlinci.htm Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.

	Active Powers - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/activepo.htm The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
	Cumberland, Richard - http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cumberla.htm 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
	Shpet, Gustav - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
	Anaxarchus - http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxarch.htm 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
	Stephen, Leslie - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm 19th century British academic.

	Fichte, Immanuel Hermann - http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichteih.htm Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
	Interventionism - http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/interven.htm Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
	http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
	Symposium - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
	Synderesis - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.

	Stirling, James Hutchison - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
	Rousseau, Jean Jacques - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
	Moral Luck - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
	Aristotle - http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
	http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/demonax.htm - http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/demonax.htm Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.

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